The disappearing Arctic ice threatens ecosystems above and below the water, and the absence of a natural barrier allows exploitation of a wealth of biodiversity and resources

Debate currently exists over whether to establish a Marine Protected Area covering the entire Arctic Ocean or just focus on specific areas within national boundaries.

Why does this matter? The Arctic Ocean hosts a wealth of biodiversity and resources. With minimal human intervention, over 21,000 known species have adapted to thrive in the cold and inhospitable Arctic environment.

For the people living in the Arctic, the abundant biodiversity provides not only food but “the everyday context and basis for social identity, cultural survival and spiritual life.” Currently, the ocean is open territory with many fearing an “unprecedented free-for-all” when the ice melts.

What’s happening? As the Arctic’s floating sea ice continues to melt, the region is increasingly exposed to fishing, shipping, mining, and pollution. Efforts to protect the Arctic Ocean’s fragile ecosystem include designating the central Arctic Ocean as a marine protected area (MPA).

The disappearing ice threatens ecosystems above and below the water, and the absence of a natural barrier allows ships to exploit untouched fish populations and seabed minerals. A patchwork of treaties offers some protection, but international cooperation is crucial.

Debate exists over whether to establish an MPA covering the entire Arctic Ocean or focus on specific areas within national boundaries. (The Guardian)

Why does this matter? The Arctic Ocean hosts a wealth of biodiversity and resources. With minimal human intervention, over 21,000 known species have adapted to thrive in the cold and inhospitable Arctic environment.

For the people living in the Arctic, the abundant biodiversity provides not only food but “the everyday context and basis for social identity, cultural survival and spiritual life.” Currently, the ocean is open territory with many fearing an “unprecedented free-for-all” when the ice melts.

Legal patchwork – Preventing overexploitation will require the development of mutually agreed regulations. Much of the Arctic Ocean falls within the eight Arctic states’ 200-mile exclusive economic zones (EEZ), where some MPAs already exist, with Canada’s Tuvaijuittuq MPA being the largest. Outside of the EEZs, a sparse and time-sensitive patchwork of legal frameworks governs the Arctic Ocean’s high seas.

Among these is a 16-year commercial fishing ban, agreed among nine nations and the EU after several years of negotiations in 2018. The language used within the agreement indicates that commercial fishing will one day take place, with the ban’s timespan allowing research to form a science-based management plan.

More recently, the UN High Seas Treaty was adopted, the first ever legally binding treaty governing international waters. Although a promising step, the Treaty has significant gaps. For example, countries can veto MPAs and continue fishing or drilling unpenalised. Our previous blog post discusses the Treaty’s successes and shortfalls, available here.

Deep-sea mining is also a concern for the region, which is rich in polymetallic nodules. Norway aims to open a mining area roughly the size of Germany, retrieving nodules at a depth of 4,000m. As discussed in last month’s blog post, the deep sea is a biodiverse and largely unexplored region, with the impacts of mining relatively unknown.

A study by Flora and Fauna contends that “damage caused by deep-seabed mining would be extensive and irreversible”. Recently, the International Seabed Authority decided to delay the release of deep-sea mining regulations until 2024 after facing intense political and scientific scrutiny.

Fully protected – Countering the complex patchwork of frameworks, the 90 North Foundation are lobbying for the creation of a “fully protected” MPA that would prohibit any human activity across the entire Arctic Ocean, including shipping, mining, fishing and drilling.

The proposed North Pole Marine Reserve would be the world’s largest wildlife reserve at over 1.7 million square miles, making a significant contribution to the 30×30 goal agreed at COP15. The findings from the scientific community reinforce calls for MPAs – according to a study published by the IUCN, fully protected MPAs have been shown to increase biomass by 670%.

In a separate study led by the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, MPAs were found to increase the health and wealth of nearby communities.

MPAs, however, are difficult to enforce and can be ineffective if incorrectly implemented. For example, China’s self-imposed squid fishing bans are failing, according to a report by Oceana. Analysis of AIS data from Global Fishing Watch shows that three of China’s bans were in areas with minimal or no prior fishing activity, whilst unsustainable practices continued elsewhere.

Creating a successful and effective Arctic MPA hinges on collective action at the global scale. Despite its flaws, the UN High Seas Treaty serves as a positive reminder that international collaboration on marine conservation is possible.

Source: The Guardian

Greenland’s ice sheet is likely to disappear regardless of how quickly greenhouse gas emissions are reduced, with annual snowfall insufficient to replenish the snow and ice lost during summer melting, according to a study from Ohio State University. The research was based on 234 Arctic glaciers during the 34 years to 2018. The loss of all of Greenland’s ice would raise sea levels by six metres, causing many coastal cities to flood. The Arctic has been warming at twice the rate of the rest of the world for the last 30 years.

The Ohio study investigates the Greenland ice sheet’s mass balance – the net of mass gained by snow accumulation in its interior and lost from ice melting at its edges – which was stable in the 1990s but has been falling since, and at an increasing pace.

It finds Greenland’s outlet glaciers are speeding up due to increased “calving” – where ice breaks off glacier termini. The authors state that glacier retreat in the early 2000s switched the ice sheet to operate in a new dynamic, where its shrinkage will be sustained even if temperatures stabilise. This could result in a sea level rise of over six metres by the year 3000.

A separate study published this month uses satellite measurements to estimate the ice sheet lost one million mt of ice per minute across 2019, totalling 532 billion mt, which is double the average rate post-2003. The authors suspect 2019’s loss – the largest in centuries, and potentially millennia – is due to changing atmospheric dynamics that hold warmer air over the ice sheet. These are themselves the result of climate change.

Looking more broadly, a further academic review of all land-based ice has found the Earth’s surface has lost 28 trillion mt of ice since 1994. This rate, which will result in a metre of sea level rise by 2100, is tracking the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s worst-case scenario for ice loss.

Sources:

Nature Communications Earth and Environment

Reuters

https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-arctic/canary-in-the-coal-mine-greenland-ice-has-shrunk-beyond-return-study-finds-idUKKCN25A2X3