Why does it matter? Oceans and rivers are essential to livelihoods and economies however they are experiencing increasing stress and degradation on a warming and polluted planet. If the ocean were a country, it would be the seventh largest economy in the world.

Although public money and NGOs are already engaging in conservation and ways to protect the environment, financial and private sectors are critical to turn the tide of the global economy towards protecting and valuing nature. Blue bonds are a way to engage these actors, and the fact that one of the largest economies in the world has created a blue bond indicates continued commitment to protect the planet while incentivising the financial system.

Defining blue bonds – A blue bond is most commonly a use-of-proceeds bond, which is a debt instrument issued by governments, development banks or companies that allow them to receive money for projects upfront that meet specific criteria to benefit the ocean and maritime sector. These proceeds are used exclusively for projects that are in line with the purpose outlined in the blue bond terms.

The investor who buys the blue bond in upfront cash is paid back firstly through regular interest payments over the life of the bond, and secondly through the return of the original upfront investment once a project has been successful and reaches maturity.

Benefits of issuing blue bonds – Benefits for a company such as Sagarmala Finance Corporation include the ability to access untapped capital for blue economy projects and enable long-term financing as well as becoming a leader in a new asset class, increasing their investor base and making them attractive for governments and companies to help.

For example, the Sagarmala Finance Corporation bonds are targeting INR20bn in equity infusion from the Indian government as it expands the loan book. This makes the opportunity more attractive for investors as debt-to-equity ratio has a buffer. Furthermore, a blue bond allows investors to know that their money has environmental impact that is transparent and traceable.

Blue bond growth – Blue bonds are much like green bonds, however they focus only on marine and coastal projects whereas green bonds focus on a wide range of projects with environmental impact. The green bond market has had rapid growth and currently stands at $1tn total issuance.

Experts expect to see this success mirrored in the blue bond market, which reached $15.25bn in cumulative issuances in June 2025. The world’s first sovereign blue bond launched by the Government of Seychelles with support from the World Bank in 2018 has proved successful, by increasing the management of a marine protected area by 17 million ha and improving fishing sector workflows.

Emerging markets – Most issuances of blue bonds are from emerging economies. This is exciting as emerging markets are widely expected to outperform developed markets in the future. If blue bonds are integrated, this creates a new standard for how our future economy functions valuing nature as well as money.

A key foundation of blue bonds is being able to report and measure the progress of a project, so you can confirm a project has reached maturity. Companies such as SOFAR, which own and develop ocean sensor networks and tools are key to uphold the credibility of this emerging asset class, ensuring high-quality, reliable and comparable data. Integrating ocean policy and bond frameworks will also be essential to maintain growth.

Looking forward – India’s first blue bond is a sign that financial markets are beginning to recognise oceans, rivers and coastal ecosystems as essential economic infrastructure. As blue bonds mature into a recognised asset class, their success will depend on the same fundamentals as any bond including credible data, clear standards and investor confidence but with an added imperative – the planet cannot afford for this market to fail.

15 June 2026, London. Ocean 14 Capital Limited, a private equity impact investment firm focused on the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 14 (SDG14): Life Below Water, announced the appointment of Beth Harrap as Partner. Harrap has joined the investment team to focus on buy-out and growth equity investments, supporting the firm’s strategy of building a sustainable blue economy private equity platform.

Harrap brings more than 15 years of investment experience with a decade focusing on European private equity, the majority of which was with Canadian investment firm, Brookfield Asset Management. There, her transaction experience includes the acquisition of a controlling stake in Imagine Communications Group, the Irish rural broadband and spectrum owner; $4.9 billion take-private of HomeServe, the international home services business; Brookfield’s 25% stake in First Hydro, the UK hydroelectric business; and the build-out of Brookfield’s European renewable platform, including a 191MW Portuguese and Northern Irish wind portfolio and a 137MW Irish wind portfolio.

“As the blue economy becomes an increasingly prominent feature of the investment landscape and Ocean 14 Capital Limited’s strategy evolves by moving towards later stage and growth private equity investments, adding a principle with private equity experience as extensive as Beth’s allows us to up our game as we take our next steps,” said Chris Gorell Barnes, founding partner.

“Beth’s addition to the team will allow us to continue to lead private equity investment in the blue economy.  Her deep private equity experience and discipline are very complementary to our industrial and impact origins and significantly allow us to accelerate value creation in our portcos and returns for our investors,” said Francisco Saraiva Gomes, founding partner, chief investment officer.

“Ocean 14 Capital is doing something genuinely distinctive — combining institutional private equity discipline with a clear and measurable impact thesis. I am delighted to be joining the team as they continue to drive the transformation of the blue economy,” said Beth Harrap.

“The due diligence required to find a blue economy investment that also makes both meaningful and measurable impact, is intense,” said Geoge Duffield, founding partner and head of impact, adding, “Beth’s extensive experience and diverse skill set will enhance the depth of our team, enabling us to expand into new areas while reinforcing our proven capabilities in later-stage and growth equity”.

The ocean is the world’s largest ecosystem, covering 70% of the earths’ surface and playing host to an estimated 80% of the planet’s biodiversity. It provides the oxygen for every second breath taken and is the largest natural carbon sink helping to limit the impacts of climate change. From jobs to food via innovation and clean energy, the ocean flows through practically all the 17 SDGs with major industries worldwide both dependent upon and impacting ocean health.

These ocean-linked sectors include (among others) shipping, seafood, marine renewable energy, port construction, coastal tourism, coastal infrastructure, and the consumption and production of solid waste material such as plastic and collectively contribute to a ‘blue economy’.

The blue economy, which employs some 30 million people, could generate up to 12 million new jobs by 2030, including in key sectors such as food and fishing, shipping, ports and tourism, according to the International Finance Corporation. With an annual economic value estimated at $2.5 trillion, the blue economy is equivalent to the world’s 7th largest economy, according to the Sustainable Blue Economy Finance Initiative, a UN-convened global community focused on the intersection between private finance and ocean health.

About Ocean 14 Capital

Founded in 2021, Ocean 14 Capital Ltd is the investment adviser to Ocean 14 Capital Fund 1 SCSp (“Ocean 14 Capital Fund” or the “Fund”), a closed €201 million impact fund focused on driving a sustainable and regenerative blue economy. Fund 1 is currently invested with 16 companies across the two core themes: food security and marine ecosystems.

Within the food security theme there are three verticals: sustainable aquaculture, alternatives to fish protein, and sustainable fisheries, while under the marine ecosystem umbrella, the Fund looks at investments in circular plastics and marine flora and seaweed.

The Ocean 14 Capital team has more than 65 years of combined investment, impact and industry experience. The team, together with their external advisors, considered to be some of the world’s most renowned scientists and marine biologists, puts Ocean 14 Capital in a unique position to access to deal flow and sector knowledge.

For more information about Ocean 14 Capital, visit www.ocean14capital.com.

Download the full report here

Net-Zero Framework – If the shipping industry were a country, it would rank as the world’s sixth-largest greenhouse gas emitter. The Net-Zero Framework has two main goals – creating a global fuel standard to reduce pollutant ratios in shipping fuel and establishing a pricing mechanism on greenhouse gas emissions to encourage alignment with the global fuel standard.

The legislation will apply to all ships over 5,000 gt, responsible for 85% of global shipping emissions. The Committee will plan a one-day expert workshop ahead of MEPC 85 on “chain of custody” models to trace and verify fuel origins and emissions.

North-East Atlantic ECA – The new ECA for the North-East Atlantic covers waters up to 200 nautical miles from the baselines of Greenland, Iceland, the Faroes, Ireland, the UK, France, Spain and Portugal. The policy enters into full force in 2028. Ships in these zones will be required to burn fuel with sulphur content no greater than 0.10%, alongside stricter nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter limits.

Shipping fuel has a sulphur content roughly 3,500 times higher than car diesel and is linked to around 13% of global sulphur oxide (SOx) and 15% of global NOx emissions. The pollutants from shipping are estimated to cause 400,000 premature deaths annually. Sulphur when mixed with H2O in the atmosphere also causes acid rain, damaging trees and making aquatic environments toxic.

Biofuels as a transition – Ninety percent of global trade relies on shipping for transport. To meet the incoming requirements, biofuels remain the most readily deployable transition option, operating as “drop-in” fuel usable on most ships without engine modification. Modern bioenergy adoption has increased 4% between 2010 to 2023. However, to align with a Net Zero Scenario, bioenergy use must increase another 8% per year by 2030, underlining the importance of investing in renewable fuels and efficient monitoring of their implementation.

Targeting alternative pollution sources – The Committee agreed to develop a mandatory code governing the maritime transport of plastic pellets in freight containers, prompted in part by the MV X-Press Pearl disaster off Sri Lanka in 2021. This sits alongside the new 2026 Strategy and Action Plan on Marine Plastic Litter from Ships, which targets zero plastic waste discharges by 2030 and the voluntary marking of fishing gear – a modest step toward addressing the ghost gear crisis we explored last month.

Underwater noise – The Committee also advanced its work on underwater radiated noise (URN), agreeing in principle to extend the experience-building phase by two years to the end of 2028. An IMO study on URN emissions will also be commissioned as an evidence base for future measures – a signal that noise pollution, long an under-monitored stressor on marine life, is growing in prominence on the agenda.

Looking forward – The MEPC’s progress hinges on high-resolution, verifiable ocean and vessel data. ECA compliance, fuel chain tracking, pollution response and underwater noise rules all depend on measurement across waters that remain among the least observed parts of the planet.

Companies such as SOFAR that provide continuous data on temperature, currents, water quality and underwater sound, precisely cover the parameters the IMO’s expanding agenda now demands. As the IMO’s targets harden into binding obligations, the companies building the ocean’s data layer will be central to ensuring their delivery.

Why does this matter? The global fish meal market is a rapidly growing industry, valued at $11.04bn in 2025 and projected to reach $20.97bn by 2034. Where fishmeal and fish oil were once predominantly used in pig and poultry farming – accounting for 98% of consumption – the aquaculture industry now consumes 87% of fishmeal and 74% of fish oil globally.

Although stringent rules govern the labelling and traceability of seafood sold for human consumption, these do not extend to the feed those fish are raised on, which remains vague. The DNA study exposes a significant industry gap in labelling requirements and raises important questions around supply chains, sustainability and disclosure as demand continues to grow in line with global protein need.

Questioning sustainability – The ecological consequences of current feed ingredient sourcing run deep. Seven of the world’s top ten fisheries by volume target wild forage species including herring and anchovies, around 90% of which are processed into fishmeal and fish oil. These species form the cornerstone of marine food webs, sustaining seabirds and marine mammals.

Depleting populations create cascading risks that extend well beyond supply shortages in aquaculture. However, efforts to reduce wild fish dependency by switching to plant-based substitutes have been found to shift environmental pressures rather than resolve them.

Production emissions – Between 2000 and 2020, European aquaculture cut wild fish for food use by 13% but saw greenhouse gas emissions rise 314%, land use increase 594% and water consumption grow 236%. This reflects a stark balancing act between protecting marine and land environments. Critically, environmental impact varies dramatically depending on where ingredients are sourced rather than what they are.

Soybean production in Brazil, for instance, generates over ten times the emissions of equivalent US production due to land use change, underlining the importance of monitoring sourcing and reducing emissions at the point of origin.

Supply chain vulnerability – The study’s finding of a largely Northeast Atlantic supply chain highlights a regional dependency. Forage fish are highly sensitive to temperature change and increasingly unpredictable climate patterns are driving periodic population declines that create market volatility.

Furthermore, the Northeast Atlantic’s three key pelagic species are currently fished without confirmed quota-sharing arrangements, with combined national catches consistently exceeding scientific advice. The concentration of aquafeed sourcing in a single contested region is a structural risk the sector must address.

Alternative ingredients – The answer lies in low-impact alternatives that prioritise circularity. The potential of the black soldier fly (BSF) has been recognised in Europe, with the International Platform of Insects for Food and Feed (IPIFF) urging the EU to set mandatory inclusion percentages in aquafeed. Recent trials also suggest insect feed has antibacterial properties that support fish health.

Companies such as Enthos utilise BSF larvae to convert organic food waste into high-quality protein meal and oil, solving two sustainability challenges simultaneously. Marine microalgae has also been acknowledged as an alternative but is yet to scale.

Future direction – The feed supply chain has been overlooked in aquaculture’s sustainability credentials. Greater transparency, diversified sourcing and investment in circular alternatives are not optional extras – they are the foundation the sector must build on for continued growth.

Download the full report here

Why it matters – In the Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP), a mass of floating plastic spanning an area three times the size of France, 75% to 86% of plastic is linked to fishing activities. The ghost gear can be traced to mainly the US, China, Japan and the Korean Peninsula. It is estimated that 500,000 mt to 1 million mt of fishing gear ends up in the sea every year, highlighting the magnitude of the problem. Everything on our planet is interlinked. When something is dumped, it does not disappear, it pollutes the whole marine ecosystem, including the deepest point on Earth – the Mariana Trench.

Ecosystem decline – A visible consequence of ghost gear is the entrapment or digestion of items by marine life. A WWF report has labelled fishing gear as the deadliest of marine plastic debris, expected to impact 66% of marine mammals, 50% of all sea birds and all species of sea turtles. In 2018, it was reported 650,000 marine animals are killed each year by discarded nets, disrupting natural ocean processes such as the nutrients cycle.

Problem of microplastics – A less visible consequence of discarded fishing gear in the ocean is microplastics, which due to the unforgiving elements of the sea, can break down even smaller into nanoplastics. Microplastics in oceans have been linked to health problems and mortality in corals, fish, marine mammals, seabirds, sea turtles, zooplankton as well as other ocean creatures. This in turn impacts humans in multiple ways from disrupting the natural processes that regulate oceans, such as the ability of plankton to photosynthesis, to the health impacts of eating seafood which contains microplastics.

Human health risk – Microplastics have been found inside human bones, highlighting the depth of the problem. Furthermore, bodies containing high amounts of microplastics appear more susceptible to stokes, heart attacks and dementia. Chemicals contained in plastics most likely interfere with hormones and therefore the body’s metabolic function. The invisibility of microplastics and the movement of ocean currents adds a nuance to our understandings of the ocean and forces us to inspect our binary ideas of boundaries and categories.

Limitation of borders – Chile, on the 10 March 2026, made a historical announcement to protect 337,000 sq km of the waters around the Juan Fernandez and Nazca-Desventuradas marine parks, equating to the third largest no-take zone in the world, covering 899,268 sq km. This is a landmark achievement, supported by the Blue Marine Foundation, which will provide great benefit to the protected area. However, marine protected areas (MPAs) are still affected by abandoned fishing gear as the ocean currents circulate beyond human constructed borders. This enforces the need to clean up fishing gear as even in MPAs, fishing nets and associated microplastics can still damage the environment.

Innovative solutions – Safe disposal of fishing nets is essential to ensuring less animal deaths and microplastic complications, however lack of waste infrastructure, logistical barriers and lax enforcement perpetuate the issue. Many innovative options are available, from companies such as Bureo repurposing fishing nets into items such as waterproof clothing to Ukraine’s use of fishing nets as drone defences.

A holistic approach – Ultimately, the crisis of ghost gear proves that the ocean does not recognise human borders or protected statuses. Abandoned equipment acts as a persistent, lethal threat across the entire water column to both marine life and human health. Protecting our waters requires marine protected areas, but also a global shift toward accountability, innovative recycling and rigorous disposal protocols for fishing gear. Until we treat the ocean as a single, interconnected system, MPAs will remain vulnerable to the reach of plastic pollution from beyond their assigned borders.

What’s going on? The CATCH IT system was designed to be the EU’s definitive weapon against illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing – a phenomenon that a 2009 study estimated drained over $10bn-$23bn from the global economy in 2003. The IUU Fishing regulation to prevent, deter and eliminate IUU fishing has been in force since 1 January 2010 and the IUU Fishing Risk Index was created in 2019 to score different countries’ efforts. Despite these measures, estimates suggest that global IUU catches are equal to 13%-31% of fish in production.

Catch certificates – Before the digital 2026 requirements came into force, fishing numbers were reported via a paper “catch certificate” – an import document which certifies that products were caught in compliance with national and international fishing laws as well as conservation and management metrics. The document declared the state flag the ship was operating under, however the paper system came with many problems.

Loopholes in the old system – The paper system was exploited by systematic fraud. Copies of the same catch certificate could be used to import multiple catches at multiple EU member state entry points, because there was no centralised European system to conduct cross-checks on other member states. Uneven enforcement across member states also created a problem, as importers with “high-risk” seafood knew to go to ports such as the Netherlands which check less than 5% of fish imports from non-EU vessels, compared to Spain which would check over 70%. With over 250,000 catch certificates in the EU annually, the quantity to physically check was also near-impossible.

Welcoming CATCH – The CATCH IT system entered into play to confront the problems with the paper system, but there have been teething issues from the start. Countries such as Spain report a lack of integration with current custom control systems, leading to loss of stock due to ship imports being refused. The system also contains both software and technical gaps, delivering server error messages and not including all fish species and postal codes for the countries that need to use it. Furthermore, catch certificates from non-EU countries must be uploaded in PDF format to the system. However, for big catches, the initial file size limit of 2 MB was too small.

Mounting concern – As well as issues with the technology and software, the strict parameters such as recording catches from zero kg and small margins of tolerance are proving “unworkable in practice”, increasing the likelihood of heavy fines for companies due to breaking unattainable standards. Organisations have asked for the CATCH IT system enforcement to be postponed until January 2027 to leave time for frictions to be smoothed. Nevertheless, the European Commission still seems adamant at continuing with implementation, introducing “flexibilities temporarily” while users adjust to the system.

Proof of the catch – The CATCH system confirms that the seafood industry in Europe is trending towards data specificity rather than estimates, traceability premiums and the integration of digital systems into everyday operational tasks. While wild-catch fisheries grapple with these new rules, the aquaculture sector has been driving digital automation and monitoring for years throughout the value chain. Companies such as aquaManager enable the production of reliable, structured and transparent data in aquaculture to help with regulations and policy, as well as contributing to the development of more sustainable farming methods.

Looking ahead – The establishment of CATCH demonstrates the need for data-driven supply chains and the prioritisation of automation going forward across both wild and farmed fishing. Transparency is the new currency in the seafood industry.

In November 2025, the World Food Programme (WFP) published its 2026 Global Outlook entitled Hunger and hope: Innovative solutions to address food insecurity, which highlighted that 318m people are facing food insecurity—more than double pre-pandemic levels in 2019. The 35-page document makes for sombre reading, with nearly 38m children under five acutely malnourished and 16 hunger hotspots where food security is expected to deteriorate between November 2025 and May 2026.

Yet nowhere in the report, which looks to innovation as a key enabler of the WFP’s Strategic Plan 2026-2029, are blue foods or indeed any ocean-driven innovations mentioned as potential solutions. Although many of the countries affected have access to a coastline, conflict—which is the lead cause of hunger and malnutrition—is likely to hinder the development of blue foods.

In regions facing extreme weather and economic pressures, the other two drivers of acute food insecurity, blue foods have the potential to drive innovation for food insecurity. Moreover, “hidden hunger”, the deficiency of micronutrients, is a global health issue affecting over 2bn people, who may consume enough calories but lack essential vitamins and minerals.

So how can blue foods help?

To read the full blog and find out how Chris Gorell Barnes believes blue foods can help escalating food insecurity, click here.

Role of the fund – Since its establishment in 2017, The Norwegian Aquaculture Fund has paid out NOK17.1bn to coastal communities and authorities. Revenue is generated for the fund through production fees, sales and auctions of licences related to fish farming. Fifty-five percent of revenue from the sale of new farming permits goes towards the Aquaculture Fund along with the total production tax. The past two years, NOK6.1bn has been paid out to communities, of which 80% has gone to municipalities and 20% to country municipalities that have aquaculture activities.

Norwegian aquaculture – Norway is the second largest exporter of seafood globally. The Norwegian Seafood Council exported 2.8 million mt of seafood equalling NOK181.5bn in 2025, despite tricky trading conditions. From 2024, this is an increase of 4%, demonstrating the growing wealth of the sector. Since 2010, the value of Norwegian aquaculture has increased 270%, with average annual growth equalling around 10%. The Aquaculture Fund ensures communities hosting aquaculture firms also reap the rewards of the industry on their land.

Funding communities – Froya, one of the municipalities earning the most from the Aquaculture Fund, is located in Trondelag County. Mayor Kristin Stromskag noted it uses the money to improve the lives of inhabitants and to create a healthier economy. This can range from community events and renovations to attracting teachers to the area with bonuses. As many people can earn more in the aquaculture industry, lower-paying state roles such as teaching need an extra push to ensure appropriate people are filling the posts.

Inspecting dependency – The Aquaculture Fund allows locals to benefit from the profits of the aquaculture in their area. However, it also demonstrates how dependent communities are on the industry. Even with the Fund, Norway had to reform their tax system so wealthy fishing billionaires leaving the country did not severely impact local municipalities when they no longer paid an individual tax contribution. Furthermore, unsustainable intensive aquaculture methods are now damaging both wild and farmed fish stocks in Norway due to increased environmental pollution and sea lice outbreaks. This not only impacts the livelihoods of local people but paradoxically threatens the profitability of the aquaculture industry itself.

Success in sustainability – Pioneering companies including Ava Ocean are essential for sustained growth of the aquaculture industry. Ava Ocean has pioneered a non-destructive approach to harvesting Arctic scallops in the Barents Sea and was granted fishing rights following a 30-year ban that had been introduced to address the impacts of harmful trawling. Other companies, like sustainable cod-farmer Kime Akva, highlight their focus on creating positive local ripple effects. Supporting companies that prioritise environmental stewardship and local development will be key to ensuring that aquaculture continues to deliver long-term, equitable benefits across Norway’s coastal regions.

Looking forward – The importance of developing sustainable practices and the cooperation of public and private sectors concerning the ocean was emphasised at the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting in January through the initiative Blue Davos. The Norwegian Aquaculture Fund demonstrates one way in which public-private cooperation can be achieved. In future, further development of legally binding mechanisms will be essential to ensure private industries both create value and protect the environments on which they rely.

Why does this matter? The EU Fish Market Report has been published annually by the European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products (EUMOFA) since 2014, offering key insights into market behaviour, consumer patterns and policy outcomes. The report underscores the importance of market transparency to inform EU policymaking and promote a better understanding of shifting dynamics in the sector. It also allows for closer examination of the underlying factors influencing current trends in pricing.

Rising prices, falling consumption – While data shows a 4% increase in overall spending, this does not reflect higher consumption. Instead, the cost of seafood per unit has risen, meaning households are paying more for less. This trend is part of wider food inflation across Europe, with aquatic food prices increasing by 25% between 2020 and 2024 – less than the 28% for meat and 32% for food overall.

Unpredictable input costs – In aquaculture, much of the rising cost pressure stems from rising input prices. Feed and transport costs have climbed, largely driven by fluctuating energy markets and geopolitical uncertainty. The report highlights these disruptions as central to the price surge, indicating that stabilising supply chains, particularly energy and logistics, could help address the problem.

Energy as a key vulnerability – Aquaculture is notably energy-intensive. Electricity makes up a significant proportion of operational costs. The recent energy crisis has exposed one of the industry’s main vulnerabilities – its dependency on fossil fuels. As these energy sources become more expensive or unpredictable, production costs increase accordingly. In response, the European Commission launched an action plan in 2023 to decarbonise EU fisheries and aquaculture. Its goal is to achieve a carbon-neutral sector by 2050 through energy efficiency improvements and a shift to renewable sources.

Decarbonisation and local energy – For aquaculture to have long-term resilience and sustainability, reliance on fossil fuels must be reduced. Decarbonisation makes the industry less vulnerable to external shocks by decentralising energy production. This can be achieved even on a small scale. Fisheries and farms could install clean energy systems locally, such as compact wind turbines and floating solar panels. Pilot schemes are currently testing floating wind farms tailored for marine aquaculture use. These innovations are gaining momentum, with companies such as Alotta, a Norwegian floating solar firm, recently raising NOK63.5 million ($6.2m) to globally scale its renewable floating solar model for aquaculture energy.

Efficiency through AI – Savings can also be made through more efficient systems and processes. Feed accounts for around 60% of total production expenses in aquaculture. Inefficiencies such as overfeeding not only raise costs but also pollutes aquatic environments. However, recent developments in AI have brought promising solutions. AI-powered systems are now capable of monitoring fish behaviour, water quality and health indicators in real time, allowing for precise feed management.

Smarter systems – Companies such as aquaManger are using advanced sensors and AI-enabled cameras to track key metrics including oxygen levels, temperature and behaviour which all contribute towards appetite. This technology supports data-driven decisions on feeding schedules, helping to enhance survival rates and optimise resource use. It demonstrates that energy efficiency and digital innovation can go hand in hand, delivering economic and environmental benefits across the sector.

Addressing vulnerability – The EU Fish Market Report 2025 illustrates that while higher prices and lower consumption reflect present challenges, they also signal where interventions are needed. From smarter feeding systems to decentralised renewable energy, the path forward lies in innovation, efficiency and sustainability. Aquafood has already been flagged as part of a climate solution with blue foods generating minimal CO2 emissions, providing a greener protein alternative to meat. The right investment today could build a more resilient, affordable and environmentally sound aquaculture industry for the future.

COP30 and the High Seas Treaty

Global ocean governance and climate policy was one of the most consequential developments of 2025 with the ratification and imminent legal implementation of the High Seas Treaty. Formerly known as the Agreement on Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ Agreement), the high seas treaty is a landmark global governance instrument designed to protect biodiversity in international waters.

By September, the treaty secured 60 ratifications, triggering its adoption into international law and paving the way for wider enforcement in 2026. Its central aim is to help conserve 30% of the world’s oceans by 2030, a critical environmental milestone that had been decades in the making. And, by the end of November, the treaty had won the 2025 Earthshot Prize, signalling its global importance and catalysing broader ocean-finance dialogue at COP30, the 30th session of the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Belém, Brazil.

There, the ocean narrative was brought to the forefront of climate discussions, underlining oceans as both climate mitigators and essential economic systems. This was also a key tenet of the 2025 World Ocean Day theme: ‘Catalysing Action for Our Ocean & Climate’, which aimed to put the ocean, a critical natural capital asset, at the centre of any climate change discussions.

Backed by partners like Ocean Conservancy, the Ocean & Climate Platform, and the World Resources Institute, COP30 saw the expansion of the Blue NDC Challenge to 17 members with new additions including Belgium, Canada, Indonesia, and Singapore. Originally launched at the UN Ocean Conference in France in June with 11 founding members, the Blue NDC Challenge calls for all countries to place the ocean at the heart of their climate plans, known as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

By incorporating solutions such as sustainable fisheries, marine conservation, decarbonising shipping and developing offshore renewables into NDCs, investment is attracted and finance accelerated for ocean-based projects that could protect marine ecosystems and at the same time unlock the ocean’s potential for climate mitigation and adaptation.

Blue Economy: Growth & Investment Opportunities

A recent OECD report found that if the ocean were a country, it would be the world’s fifth-largest economy. Ocean services provide income for 600 million people globally, and contribute to the lives of billions. A European Union report estimates that the blue economy contributes hundreds of billions in economic output and millions of jobs, with sectors spanning fisheries, maritime transport, tourism, aquaculture, and offshore renewables.

In the EU alone, recent data points to a near €250 billion to €263 billion gross value contribution and nearly five million jobs in ocean-linked economic activity. Yet, currently, just 1% of global climate finance supports ocean-related solutions to climate regulation and food security services. The Baku to Belém Roadmap, released before COP30 and inspired by COP29, however, points to the importance of more funding going towards oceans, highlighting the need to scale ocean finance as “critical” for the future.

Phenix Capital’s 2025 Blue Economy Impact Funds report highlighted that, in April when the report was published, there were only five pure-play impact funds focusing on UN Sustainable Development Goal 14: Life Below Water, and only 6.6% of the impact funds in the Phenix Capital database were dedicated to blue economy. That said these numbers represent a 463% growth in number of funds in a decade, suggesting a changing tide. Dedicated vehicles, such as blue bonds, sustainable ocean funds, and blended finance mechanisms, are vital to bridge capital and impact.

To this end, this year saw, T. Rowe Price and the International Finance Corporation launch the T. Rowe Price Emerging Markets Blue Economy Bond Strategy, aimed at catalysing the corporate blue bond market. The bond fund raised $200 million from investor such as Xylem Inc., a water solutions company and Builders Vision.

The year is ending with the Asian Development Bank (ADB) approving a $500 million loan to support a sustainable blue economy in the Philippines, having reached a $150 million blue finance agreement to scale sustainable aquaculture in Thailand earlier in the year. The latter agreement is targeting improved shrimp production practices and supports small farmers with innovation and training. The ADB is specifically investing in sustainable blue economies for poverty alleviation in Asia and the Pacific and these deals exemplify how blended, cross-sector investment can both reduce environmental risk and unlock economic value, from nutritious blue foods to resilient coastal infrastructure.

A blue food solution

Right now climate and conflict have exacerbated lack of food and hidden hunger from nutritionally inadequate protein-deficient diets, which means that today there are 319 million people in 67 countries that are acutely food insecure and 38% of the global population are currently either overweight or obese.

Food insecurity, together with public health and greenhouse-gas emissions are three global risks that need to be solved if we ever want to reach meet the SDGs and hope to more feed 10 billion with nutrient dense high-quality protein by 2050, without degrading the planet. This year, the Ocean 14 Capital Fund 1 took a step towards this with its investment in Enthos, which aims to scale organic waste-derived insect protein.

Despite the substantial scientific evidence that links diets with human health and environmental sustainability, the absence of globally agreed scientific targets for healthy diets and sustainable food production has hindered large-scale and coordinated efforts to transform the global food system. To address this, the EAT-Lancet Commission convened 37 leading scientists from 16 countries in various disciplines to develop global scientific targets for healthy diets and sustainable food production.

The result, the second 2025 EAT–Lancet Commission Report on Food Systems, represents a major update to the original 2019 framework, now highlights that blue foods—specifically fish, seafood, and aquatic plants—are a key source of sustainable protein and are essential to achieving nutritional, environmental and food security goals.

Moreover, a study published in Nature as part of the wider Blue Food Assessment found that increasing the consumption of low-emission blue foods could cut annual global  emissions by a gigaton or more compared to continued reliance on land-based animal alternatives. On top of this, in 2025, within the aquaculture sector, global standards and ESG frameworks advanced, driven by industry bodies like the Global Seafood Alliance, released updated salmon farming standards with enhanced emphasis on human rights, animal welfare, biosecurity and environmental protection.

Ocean 14 Capital Fund 1’s own portfolio companies are active participants in this evolution. Firms like SyAqua and AquaExchange are contributing genetic innovations, alternative feeds and data analytics that enhance productivity while reducing environmental footprints; core elements for resilient and investor-ready blue food systems.

Pollution & Ocean Technology

Decarbonising maritime transport—a historically challenging sector—showed progress this year. Shipping is responsible for 3% of global greenhouse gas emissions but is not covered by the Paris Agreement. Earlier in 2025, the International Maritime Organization finalised an agreement to cut shipping carbon emissions, laying groundwork for climate-aligned shipping practices. Starting in 2028, ships will be required to adopt cleaner fuels or face penalties. This deal is the first-ever international mandate on emissions targets for the shipping industry, but there are headwinds.

Environmental science suggests that emerging routes such as the Arctic Sea Route between Europe and Asia, which is opening due to melting ice, could increase total shipping emissions. Moreover, they could and introduce new ecological threats, particularly black carbon impacts and oil spill risks. This underscores the importance of combining policy with monitoring technology from innovators such as Sofar Ocean, whose sensing platforms improve understanding of shipping impacts in sensitive regions.

Technology such as AI and remote sensing tools to detect hazards like ghost fishing gear, which comprises 30% of total plastic waste in the oceans, are gaining traction, supporting cost-efficient ecosystem monitoring and cleanup strategies. WWF Germany has partnered with Accenture and Microsoft AI for good to develop ‘Ghost Net Zero AI’ a software identifying ghost nets in the ocean.

With collection programmes in six countries, 1,000+ tonnes of discarded nets are collected yearly and recycled Nylon sold to 20+ brand partners under the company’s NetPlus® trademark, Bureo has pioneered turning harmful discarded fishing nets into recycled raw materials used by brands such as Patagonia, Toyota, and Trek. Yet addressing plastic pollution remains a defining challenge. Scientific studies have revealed that nano plastics may be vastly underestimated in the oceans, raising alarms about ecological and human health impacts and stimulating interest in recycling infrastructure and circular economy solutions.

2026: Investing in an ocean-powered future

In 2025, we saw breakthroughs in ocean governance, financing and industry standards and 2026 looks set to expand this momentum. The team at Ocean 14 Capital hopes to see: the implementation of the High Seas Treaty, enabling wider marine protected areas and enforcement frameworks; growth in blue investment products particularly blue bonds that have gained renewed momentum following the United Nations Ocean Conference in June 2025; advances in marine renewables, particularly offshore wind, wave and tidal technologies; and the expanded integration of ocean measures in national climate strategies, particularly under enhanced NDC frameworks emerging from COP30.

The ocean is both a climatic linchpin and an economic engine; potentially worth trillions and capable of delivering sustainable food, energy, jobs and resilience. According to UNCTAD, two thirds of species living in the ocean have yet to be identified, offering the potential for the discovery of new antibiotics, low-carbon foods and other bio-based materials such as plastic substitutes, which alone offer a $10.8 billion market opportunity that can help cut plastic pollution while creating new business avenues.

This potential will only be realised if public policy, capital markets and innovation ecosystems align behind sustainable, scalable blue solutions. For investors, this means exploring ocean-positive opportunities across blue foods, aquaculture tech, renewables, carbon sequestration and sustainable shipping, sectors with measurable environmental impact and compelling growth trajectories.

Ocean’s central message is one of hope. Despite the damage, the ocean is resilient if we give it protection and time, so looking to 2026, we are very confident that oceans and the blue economy will no longer be out of sight out of mind but central to all conversations. The message is simple; investing sustainably and regeneratively in the ocean is investing in the planet — and the time to act is now. Here’s to Davos.

Why does this matter? The BBNJ winning the Earthshot prize underscores the recognised importance of the ocean by protecting two-thirds previously vulnerable to deep-sea mining and other exploitative practices due to not being under any national jurisdiction. The win comes during a growing movement to recognise the ocean as the planet’s blue lung, producing over 50% of the planets oxygen and providing the largest carbon sink.

A recent OECD report found that if the ocean were a country, it would be the world’s fifth-largest economy. Ocean services provide income for 600 million people globally, and contribute to the lives of billions. Currently just 1% of global climate finance supports ocean-related solutions to climate change, but the Baku to Belém Roadmap, released before COP30 and inspired by COP29 points to the importance of more funding going towards oceans, noting that scaling ocean finance is “critical” for the future.

Marinez Scherer, marine biologist and Special Envoy for Oceans at COP30, in her opening speech  reiterated the need for urgent attention on oceans and the importance of mobilising finance as a partner – not a victim – of mitigation and adaption efforts.

Since 1995, the ocean economy has grown faster than any other, driven by marine biotech innovation, from low-carbon foods to new bio-based materials. Blue food, understood as wild or farmed fish, shellfish, seaweed and other aquatic plants and animals, provides a cleaner way for populations to access protein and nutrition, on average generating less greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions compared to food produced on land.

By changing diet to more blue food consumption, CO2 emissions could drop as much as 1.06 Gt per year by 2050, providing a considerable contribution towards  net-zero targets and demonstrating the importance of financing the development of aquaculture technologies for future food security with less impact on the planet.

The funding gap for SDG 14, “Life Below Water”, is estimated at around $149bn per year. This illustrates how far current investment falls short of what is required to protect marine ecosystems. Many hope that COP30 serves as a catalyst for closing this gap, particularly as recognition grows that the ocean holds some of the most powerful levers for climate mitigation.

The Belem Ocean Declaration, a document from Ocean Pavilion released before the start of COP30, aims to bring the role of the ocean to the forefront of UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) processes. The declaration calls for the development of new technologies to monitor threats such as  plastic contamination and sea level rise, as well as engaging with private sector finance to scale ocean solutions.

Despite the ocean’s importance, corporate accountability remains weak, as companies have very little impetus to measure their impact. A recent study found that fewer than 25% of the world’s largest ocean-linked companies report any ocean-specific impacts. This accentuates the need to develop technology and methods to monitor blue industries, with COP30 signalling what many anticipate will be an “era of implementation” where more nature-based indicators are incorporated into climate adaptation strategies.

Although the High Seas Treaty does contain weaknesses, as noted by Ocean 14 Capital previous blog, its Earthshot win has sparked new momentum for the blue finance. The treaty has helped elevate ocean protection to a top-tier topic at COP30, bringing together governments, NGOs and businesses to assert the ocean’s importance to both planetary and economic health. In the wake of COP30, the tide may be about to change on ocean finance.

Why does this matter? The ASR represents not only a potential trade revolution but also a new environmental front line. It encompasses the Northwest Passage and the Northeast Passage, which have been branded as the Polar Silk Road to underline its economic promise.

China has recently launched the “world’s first China-Europe Arctic Express container route”, cutting transit time from over 40 days via the Suez Canal to just 18 days. Meanwhile, the Central Arctic Route, the sea route crossing the central Arctic Ocean, was navigated for the first time in 2025 by icebreaking vessels. These rapid developments mirror the region’s accelerating sea ice loss and the opportunity grabbing of shipping companies to reduce their delivery times. Yet the environmental trade-off is stark.

The most immediate threat is black carbon – soot-like particles from ship exhaust that account for around 20% of shipping’s global climatic impact. These particles enter the lower levels of the atmosphere and trap heat. In the Arctic, the effects of black carbon on global warming become up to 10 times greater.

When black carbon settles on snow and ice, it darkens the surface, reducing reflectivity and accelerating melt. This sets off a self-reinforcing feedback loop – as ice disappears, less sunlight is reflected, more heat is absorbed and warming intensifies. Alarmingly, black carbon emissions in the Arctic rose by 85% between 2015 and 2019, resulting from increased shipping traffic which will only keep growing.

While the International Maritime Organization (IMO) passed a 2024 regulation to restrict heavy fuel oil (HFO), a major source of black carbon, loopholes will allow many ships to continue using HFO until mid-2029. The delay weakens global climate efforts just as the Arctic enters a critical decade of change.

Questions have also been raised around the effectiveness of the ban, as oil blenders move towards fuels that contain more paraffins that are harder to clean up in the event of an oil spill. Decarbonisation of shipping has featured heavily on IMO’s agenda in October, with legislation seeking to fine vessels weighing 5,000 tons that exceed set emission thresholds and reward those using greener fuels.

Oil spills represent a catastrophic risk to the Arctic environment. As sea ice recedes, the number of ships carrying oil and chemicals through Arctic waters increases the likelihood of spills. Oil behaves differently in icy waters – it can slip beneath sea ice, making detection and clean-up extremely difficult. Crude and heavy fuel oils can persist for years, contaminating the prey and sites of marine mammals and threatening the food security of Arctic communities.

Scientists stress the urgent need for improved remote sensing technologies to detect and monitor oil pollution in real time to increase response time in remote regions. However, the Arctic Council warns that even the most advanced clean-up techniques are hampered by extreme weather and limited access.

Beyond carbon and oil, shipping noise presents another ecological hazard. Beluga whales can detect and flee from icebreaking noise caused by ships 35-78 km away, avoiding the areas for days after and disrupting their natural movement in an area. Alternatively, Caspian, Harp and Ribbon seals are vulnerable to ship strikes due to their “freeze” reflex when startled.

The ASR opening amplifies global emissions and environmental inequalities, shifting burdens toward high-latitude, ecologically sensitive waters that have had little shipping contact. As the Arctic is responsible for driving ocean currents and subsequent weather systems across the globe, the impact of increased shipping contributing to rising temperatures in the region will also impact the world.

By monitoring effects of shipping on sound and water quality in the Arctic using technology made by companies such as SOFAR, we can learn more about how this sensitive environment is being influenced by current shipping to inform future mitigation and policies. If the Arctic is to become the Polar Silk Road, we must focus efforts into decarbonising shipping to prevent the Arctic’s delicate environment being transformed indefinitely at an accelerated rate.